One pill makes you smaller


Is CLA too good to be true?
  Is more fat the answer to too fat?
That's one way to describe the intriguing experiments on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a compound found in many animal fats. one pill makes you smallerBefore we get to the details, let's do the ol' Why Files why?

Why should I care about this stuff?

Because CLA is a natural nutrient that seems to enhance the immune system, prevent cancer, and burn fat. In animal tests, it has few side effects.

And as the New England Journal of Medicine reported last year, obesity affects 58 million Americans. It contributes to 300,000 annual deaths caused by heart attacks, strokes, diabetes and some cancers.

OK, I'm convinced. First tell me how they learned about CLA -- then tell me if it's a for-real fat-fighter-- or too good to be true.

Ironically, when Michael Pariza, a University of Wisconsin-Madison food scientist, isolated CLA in 1987, he was looking for a chemical in burned (and raw) hamburger that seemed to prevent cancer in lab animals.

Then, in 1990, Pariza met a colleague, animal scientist Mark Cook, while running (we didn't make this up). CLA reduced body fat in mice by 50 to 75 percent.Cook had been thinking about the immune system, so he asked Pariza how CLA interacted with the system that fights invading microbes. Specifically, Cook wondered whether CLA might affect the weight loss caused by vaccination. (After a flu shot, kids can lose 3 percent of their body weight, Cook says. Want to see a Why Files staffer getting a flu shot?)

As Cook and Pariza began collaborating, they noticed that the CLA reduced this immune-induced loss of weight -- a finding that could save as much as a billion dollars for the meat industry, which doesn't like animals slimming down after getting vaccinated. At the same time, Cook found that CLA also "jacked the immune system way up."

I thought this Why File was about fat. You haven't mentioned it...
We're getting there. Then the students caring for the lab animals noticed that although they were growing faster than normal, they were eating less than usual. On investigation, Cook and Pariza's team found that a diet containing 0.5 percent CLA reduced body fat in mice and other lab animals by 50 to 75 percent. And it seemed to increase the amount of muscle.

In the public mind, if fighting cancer is a solid double, fighting flab is a bases-loaded homer. So after the results were announced, Cook says, "Pandora's box started to open up." It didn't hurt that researchers soon added the prevention of atherosclerosis -- hardening of the arteries -- to the list of CLA's purported benefits.

In terms of obesity, CLA seems to have two related actions. It interferes with an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase that the body uses to move fat from the blood into fat cells -- to make fat cells fatter. And it enhances the enzyme hormone sensitive lipase, which breaks down fat already stored in fat cells, so muscles can burn it. That makes fat cells "thinner."

Not bad so far. Where do you get CLA? Yes, you can take a shortcut and gobble capsules. But it's already present in beef, veal and lamb, and most cheeses and other dairy products.


Concentrations of CLA in Foods
in milligrams per gram of fat


Meat
Fresh ground beef 4.3
Veal 2.7
Lamb 5.6
Pork 0.6
Chicken 0.9
Fresh ground turkey 2.5

Cheese
Parmesan 3.0
Colby 6.1
Mozarella 4.9
Cottage 4.5
Ricotta 5.6

Dairy product
Homogenized milk 5.5
Butter 4.7
Sour cream 4.6
Plain yogurt 4.8

Vegetable oil
Safflower 0.7
Sunflower 0.4
Peanut 0.2
Olive 0.2

Meat and dairy products are the big sources of CLA
Data from Chin, S.F. et al, Journal of Food Composition Analysis, 5:185-97.


moo
  And that raises an irony. Over the past 30 years, these high-fat foods have lost favor as weight-obsessed Americans have shifted toward leaner poultry, low-fat dairy products and vegetables.

Many vegies, we now know, are stuffed with anti-cancer compounds, but not CLA (although vegetable oils do contain a bit). To Cook, the two trends are suggestive, since an explosion in obesity has accompanied the dietary changes of the past 30 years.

Yet ironically, even livestock concentrations of CLA are falling. Animals that get to graze produce much higher concentrations, but more and more cows are grown in feed lots.

The frenzy over CLA was fueled by a recent small Norwegian study that showed it reduced body fat in people by 20 percent in three months. That's great news, but one study, especially a small one, is hardly conclusive proof that anything will work, let alone cure obesity. "CLA may not work in all people," says Cook. Yet he takes a dose himself each day, just to make sure, and has noticed a dampening of his appetite.

Cook and colleagues are embarking on a one-year, 80-person study to test CLA's effects on fatness. Participants will randomly take CLA or a dummy drug for 6 months, then all will be offered CLA for another 6 months.

But even if it works, is this stuff safe?
Apparently. "It doesn't have significant adverse effects in mammals," says Cook. In a pig study, "we did very extensive toxicological analysis of all tissues, liver enzymes -- we did all that stuff." CLA's only consistent side effect, he says, is an increase in white blood cell counts.

But it won't hurt to remember that there are no long-term animal studies of the safety of CLA supplements, let alone human studies.

You can buy CLA over the counter, or through the web. But just don't say The Why Files sent you. We're skeptical of quick fixes to fatness -- believers in the old "eat sensibly and move them bones" approach to maintaining a sensible body weight.

After all, we've got one eye on the class action lawsuits and the other on the fen-phen "lose-weight-faster" disaster.


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The Why Files Staff includes: Terry Devitt, editor; Darrell Schulte, webmaster; Dave Tenenbaum, feature writer; Susan Trebach, team leader.